Project 470: E. G. Ekdale, A. Berta, T. A. Deméré. 2011. The Comparative Osteology of the Petrotympanic Complex (Ear Region) of Extant Baleen Whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti). PLOS ONE. 6 (6):e21311.
Abstract
Anatomical comparisons of the ear region of baleen whales (Mysticeti) are provided through detailed osteological descriptions and high-resolution photographs of the petrotympanic complex (tympanic bulla and petrosal bone) of all extant species of mysticete cetaceans. Salient morphological features are illustrated and identified, including overall shape of the bulla, size of the conical process of the bulla, morphology of the promontorium, and the size and shape of the anterior process of the petrosal. We place our comparative osteological observations into a phylogenetic context in order to initiate an exploration into petrotympanic evolution within Mysticeti.
Principal Findings
The morphology of the petrotympanic complex is diagnostic for individual species of baleen whale (e.g., sigmoid and conical processes positioned at midline of bulla in Balaenoptera musculus ; confluence of fenestra cochleae and perilymphatic foramen in Eschrichtius robustus ), and several mysticete clades are united by derived characteristics. Balaenids and neobalaenids share derived features of the bulla, such as a rhomboid shape and a reduced anterior lobe (swelling) in ventral aspect, and eschrichtiids share derived morphologies of the petrosal with balaenopterids, including loss of a medial promontory groove and dorsomedial elongation of the promontorium. Monophyly of Balaenoidea (Balaenidae and Neobalaenidae) and Balaenopteroidea (Balaenopteridae and Eschrichtiidae) was recovered in phylogenetic analyses utilizing data exclusively from the petrotympanic complex.
Significance
This study fills a major gap in our knowledge of the complex structures of the mysticete petrotympanic complex, which is an important anatomical region for the interpretation of the evolutionary history of mammals. In addition, we introduce a novel body of phylogenetically informative characters from the ear region of mysticetes. Our detailed anatomical descriptions, illustrations, and comparisons provide valuable data for current and future studies on the phylogenetic relationships, evolution, and auditory physiology of mysticetes and other cetaceans throughout Earth's history.
Read the article »
Project DOI: 10.7934/P470, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P470
| This project contains | Matrices |
|---|---|
Download Project SDD File  | Total scored cells: 642 Total media associated with cells: 794 Total labels associated with cell media: 843 |
| Characters | |
| Total characters: 48 Total characters with associated media: 1 Total characters with media with labels: 1 Total character states: 114 Total character states with associated media: 101 Total character states with media with labels:97 Total unordered/ordered characters:48/0 |
Currently Viewing:
MorphoBank Project 470
MorphoBank Project 470
- Creation Date:
30 March 2009 - Publication Date:
22 June 2011 - Project views: 283308
- Media downloads: 8
- Matrix downloads: 39
This research
supported by
Authors' Institutions
- San Diego State University
- San Diego Natural History Museum
Members
| member name | taxa |
specimens |
media | chars | character
| cell scorings (scored, NPA, "-") | cell
| rules | ||||||||
| Tom Demere Project Administrator | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 12 (12, 0, 0) | 1 | 24 | 24 | 0 | |||||
| Annalisa Berta Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| MorphoBank Curator Full membership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Eric Ekdale Full membership | 1 | 14 | 55 | 39 | 0 | 84 | 554 (554, 0, 0) | 1 | 272 | 665 | 0 | |||||
Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M1060' (14 Taxa)
| taxon | unscored cells |
scored cells |
no cell support |
NPA cells |
"-" cells | cell images | labels on cell images |
member access |
| [1] † Mammalodon colliveri Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 15 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| [2] † Eomysticetus whitmorei Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 13 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 56 | 4 |
| [3] Balaenoptera acutorostrata Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 61 | 4 |
| [4] Balaenoptera bonaerensis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 61 | 4 |
| [5] Balaenoptera borealis Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 67 | 4 |
| [6] Balaenoptera edeni Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 57 | 4 |
| [7] Balaenoptera musculus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 67 | 73 | 4 |
| [8] Balaenoptera omurai Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 6 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 59 | 4 |
| [9] Balaenoptera physalus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 2 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 68 | 4 |
| [10] Megaptera novaeangliae Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 1 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 75 | 4 |
| [11] Eschrichtius robustus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 70 | 4 |
| [12] Caperea marginata Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 4 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 59 | 4 |
| [13] Balaena mysticetus Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 74 | 4 |
| [14] Eubalaena sp. Last Modified in 12/05/13 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 63 | 4 |
Project views
| type | number of views | Individual items viewed (where applicable) |
| Total project views | 283308 | |
| Media views | 134555 | Media search (7331 views); M62634 (890 views); M62580 (856 views); M62596 (864 views); M62663 (838 views); M63827 (9 views); M63828 (6 views); M63829 (6 views); M63830 (8 views); M62597 (849 views); M62602 (991 views); M62631 (829 views); M62654 (992 views); M62636 (834 views); M65344 (9 views); M62598 (1101 views); M62681 (777 views); M63393 (15 views); M66841 (23 views); M66845 (15 views); M63470 (10 views); M65280 (9 views); M65352 (12 views); M63541 (14 views); M64264 (7 views); M62996 (338 views); M62661 (803 views); M62635 (914 views); M62711 (669 views); M62679 (842 views); M67361 (23 views); M67374 (25 views); M62665 (801 views); M62693 (722 views); M65686 (17 views); M67371 (17 views); M65762 (20 views); M66796 (15 views); M66284 (20 views); M66044 (18 views); M62701 (744 views); M62724 (735 views); M62673 (806 views); M62637 (1018 views); M62737 (701 views); M62723 (702 views); M62685 (710 views); M62828 (338 views); M62775 (353 views); M62769 (338 views); M62718 (708 views); M62687 (772 views); M62730 (707 views); M62722 (736 views); M62706 (690 views); M62677 (827 views); M62708 (709 views); M62686 (772 views); M62727 (746 views); M62695 (768 views); M62678 (833 views); M62599 (828 views); M62803 (337 views); M62768 (353 views); M62773 (388 views); M62774 (325 views); M62776 (366 views); M62777 (355 views); M62778 (337 views); M62779 (355 views); M62780 (368 views); M62781 (363 views); M62782 (317 views); M62783 (390 views); M62784 (360 views); M62785 (365 views); M62786 (367 views); M62787 (351 views); M62788 (366 views); M62789 (354 views); M62790 (357 views); M62791 (369 views); M62792 (317 views); M62793 (315 views); M62794 (334 views); M62795 (360 views); M62796 (357 views); M62797 (328 views); M62798 (415 views); M62799 (352 views); M62800 (352 views); M62801 (376 views); M62802 (352 views); M62804 (326 views); M62805 (328 views); M62806 (394 views); M62807 (308 views); M62808 (360 views); M62809 (330 views); M62810 (344 views); M62811 (378 views); M62812 (347 views); M62813 (342 views); M62814 (322 views); M62815 (381 views); M62816 (341 views); M62817 (341 views); M62818 (392 views); M62819 (360 views); M62820 (354 views); M62821 (393 views); M62822 (355 views); M62823 (312 views); M62824 (349 views); M62825 (347 views); M62826 (317 views); M62827 (325 views); M62829 (361 views); M62830 (323 views); M62831 (321 views); M62832 (324 views); M62833 (364 views); M62834 (385 views); M62835 (453 views); M62836 (354 views); M62734 (750 views); M62652 (831 views); M62736 (749 views); M62700 (738 views); M62704 (772 views); M62739 (749 views); M62670 (826 views); M62671 (848 views); M62688 (775 views); M62600 (846 views); M62733 (748 views); M62715 (720 views); M62638 (946 views); M62747 (365 views); M62847 (342 views); M62848 (367 views); M62849 (360 views); M62850 (336 views); M62851 (341 views); M62852 (355 views); M62853 (374 views); M62854 (360 views); M62855 (359 views); M62680 (864 views); M62674 (814 views); M62707 (741 views); M62837 (355 views); M62838 (367 views); M62839 (349 views); M62840 (373 views); M62841 (356 views); M62842 (359 views); M62843 (355 views); M62844 (342 views); M62845 (378 views); M62846 (351 views); M62738 (733 views); M62731 (704 views); M62676 (813 views); M62689 (734 views); M62713 (710 views); M62684 (710 views); M62771 (364 views); M62772 (354 views); M62752 (337 views); M62709 (756 views); M62749 (356 views); M62926 (362 views); M62717 (718 views); M62748 (342 views); M62682 (730 views); M62760 (368 views); M62745 (367 views); M62712 (743 views); M62714 (706 views); M62698 (735 views); M62668 (802 views); M62735 (690 views); M62675 (860 views); M62694 (740 views); M62702 (767 views); M62729 (745 views); M62725 (797 views); M62728 (716 views); M62710 (696 views); M62763 (351 views); M62653 (974 views); M65283 (12 views); M62703 (710 views); M62726 (672 views); M62721 (697 views); M62633 (823 views); M62664 (912 views); M62696 (773 views); M62666 (811 views); M62705 (755 views); M62630 (1004 views); M62699 (776 views); M62690 (713 views); M62691 (779 views); M62692 (699 views); M62697 (755 views); M62716 (740 views); M62719 (729 views); M62720 (768 views); M62732 (703 views); M62601 (1015 views); M62632 (819 views); M62660 (817 views); M62662 (830 views); M62667 (841 views); M62669 (801 views); M62672 (852 views); M62683 (720 views); M62741 (341 views); M63725 (12 views); M62861 (377 views); M63596 (11 views); M62860 (332 views); M63704 (29 views); M63201 (8 views); M62754 (364 views); M62950 (345 views); M66293 (23 views); M63755 (6 views); M63787 (5 views); M65251 (7 views); M65232 (5 views); M65249 (6 views); M63074 (22 views); M66838 (17 views); M63863 (18 views); M62740 (358 views); M63182 (23 views); M65327 (13 views); M62743 (397 views); M62755 (324 views); M62757 (359 views); M62758 (336 views); M62765 (358 views); M62744 (368 views); M62759 (347 views); M62751 (327 views); M62859 (345 views); M62857 (317 views); M62858 (339 views); M62856 (332 views); M65292 (8 views); M62742 (366 views); M62746 (357 views); M62750 (351 views); M62753 (349 views); M62756 (338 views); M62761 (412 views); M62762 (400 views); M62764 (358 views); M62766 (365 views); M62767 (358 views); M62770 (327 views); M67981 (16 views); M65312 (7 views); M67368 (19 views); M65304 (10 views); M65230 (4 views); M63858 (6 views); M63777 (6 views); M63860 (11 views); M65277 (8 views); M65760 (19 views); M65306 (10 views); M63849 (5 views); M65315 (7 views); M63821 (9 views); M66046 (22 views); M63751 (7 views); M65346 (10 views); M65324 (6 views); M63601 (6 views); M68020 (16 views); M63857 (5 views); M63868 (4 views); M66048 (19 views); M66795 (20 views); M65239 (6 views); M67369 (28 views); M63710 (6 views); M65257 (4 views); M65233 (5 views); M65360 (9 views); M63584 (9 views); M66847 (32 views); M65333 (8 views); M65241 (5 views); M65351 (8 views); M63833 (8 views); M65353 (7 views); M63600 (8 views); M63758 (5 views); M65238 (5 views); M63659 (10 views); M63581 (5 views); M65339 (6 views); M65313 (6 views); M63867 (5 views); M65345 (7 views); M65331 (14 views); M65286 (14 views); M63414 (12 views); M66295 (17 views); M65302 (7 views); M63846 (8 views); M65341 (8 views); M68018 (20 views); M65314 (9 views); M65278 (7 views); M66843 (15 views); M65228 (5 views); M65264 (8 views); M63293 (15 views); M65311 (8 views); M66041 (24 views); M65708 (16 views); M66901 (14 views); M66290 (15 views); M65343 (9 views); M65757 (17 views); M65236 (5 views); M65247 (6 views); M63237 (7 views); M66888 (19 views); M66855 (19 views); M65710 (17 views); M67380 (17 views); M63788 (5 views); M63213 (8 views); M63741 (12 views); M67364 (34 views); M65297 (7 views); M63845 (13 views); M65290 (8 views); M63712 (11 views); M63217 (10 views); M65309 (12 views); M65688 (11 views); M65759 (20 views); M63209 (9 views); M65294 (11 views); M63856 (5 views); M65682 (18 views); M68019 (14 views); M63214 (14 views); M66829 (16 views); M65234 (7 views); M63692 (12 views); M65270 (7 views); M67366 (19 views); M65276 (8 views); M63590 (9 views); M63850 (5 views); M63246 (12 views); M63865 (8 views); M63702 (14 views); M66842 (17 views); M63768 (5 views); M65266 (10 views); M65359 (8 views); M63748 (11 views); M66291 (15 views); M63687 (27 views); M65267 (8 views); M63848 (5 views); M65329 (9 views); M66821 (23 views); M65347 (6 views); M65307 (8 views); M65298 (7 views); M63774 (8 views); M63729 (6 views); M67349 (32 views); M65293 (13 views); M63655 (8 views); M63855 (10 views); M65268 (7 views); M63843 (4 views); M65229 (5 views); M63732 (8 views); M65328 (9 views); M66047 (14 views); M66296 (22 views); M63737 (8 views); M65261 (9 views); M65356 (6 views); M65338 (10 views); M63765 (6 views); M63207 (4 views); M67375 (17 views); M65301 (8 views); M63598 (15 views); M65690 (19 views); M67377 (33 views); M65689 (26 views); M63836 (6 views); M89216 (19 views); M65322 (10 views); M65685 (13 views); M65284 (11 views); M65310 (7 views); M63716 (8 views); M65285 (12 views); M63752 (5 views); M66827 (10 views); M63754 (7 views); M65335 (6 views); M64057 (8 views); M63869 (7 views); M65273 (11 views); M63749 (6 views); M66899 (20 views); M63431 (12 views); M65243 (6 views); M67367 (24 views); M65252 (5 views); M65325 (10 views); M63718 (9 views); M63240 (13 views); M66846 (12 views); M66848 (17 views); M68011 (15 views); M66043 (20 views); M67381 (19 views); M63713 (11 views); M63772 (10 views); M63834 (5 views); M63433 (13 views); M65235 (5 views); M63840 (6 views); M65342 (8 views); M65349 (21 views); M65258 (11 views); M65253 (5 views); M65289 (8 views); M68017 (16 views); M65320 (7 views); M66822 (15 views); M63786 (4 views); M63241 (9 views); M63842 (4 views); M66854 (16 views); M63421 (8 views); M63853 (4 views); M63730 (8 views); M63723 (7 views); M63844 (4 views); M65334 (10 views); M67370 (15 views); M65681 (29 views); M65326 (6 views); M63362 (10 views); M67382 (16 views); M63733 (11 views); M63672 (8 views); M65362 (11 views); M63870 (6 views); M65246 (4 views); M65259 (10 views); M63841 (6 views); M63871 (7 views); M65250 (4 views); M65355 (9 views); M63759 (5 views); M63605 (11 views); M65245 (6 views); M63200 (12 views); M65321 (8 views); M64003 (6 views); M65262 (9 views); M63838 (4 views); M65265 (8 views); M65256 (3 views); M66283 (16 views); M65287 (13 views); M65354 (9 views); M66844 (19 views); M63839 (4 views); M65263 (19 views); M65237 (8 views); M65684 (17 views); M67360 (21 views); M63263 (3 views); M63803 (6 views); M63859 (5 views); M65242 (6 views); M65683 (18 views); M65300 (7 views); M63825 (5 views); M68010 (46 views); M65761 (17 views); M65336 (15 views); M68016 (20 views); M65244 (4 views); M65255 (4 views); M65337 (5 views); M65231 (4 views); M65271 (8 views); M66285 (15 views); M67342 (17 views); M65323 (7 views); M66287 (22 views); M65240 (3 views); M65350 (9 views); M65254 (4 views); M63674 (15 views); M65281 (8 views); M65319 (6 views); M67378 (18 views); M63703 (9 views); M63835 (4 views); M65303 (4 views); M66288 (16 views); M63587 (6 views); M66042 (22 views); M63959 (4 views); M63603 (9 views); M67986 (15 views); M67379 (16 views); M63194 (14 views); M65295 (9 views); M63823 (4 views); M65687 (12 views); M67352 (37 views); M66292 (14 views); M65291 (6 views); M63854 (12 views); M63215 (7 views); M65330 (7 views); M65299 (13 views); M67354 (29 views); M65318 (4 views); M63202 (8 views); M65272 (7 views); M63862 (4 views); M65348 (5 views); M65709 (32 views); M65296 (7 views); M66045 (14 views); M65269 (6 views); M66289 (12 views); M65711 (21 views); M63282 (17 views); M63773 (5 views); M65275 (8 views); M65274 (7 views); M66794 (18 views); M63822 (3 views); M65248 (4 views); M63861 (6 views); M65340 (7 views); M63832 (4 views); M63851 (5 views); M66898 (13 views); M65357 (5 views); M65316 (6 views); M63708 (7 views); M65305 (4 views); M65332 (9 views); M63831 (2 views); M65308 (7 views); M65288 (16 views); M63866 (5 views); M65260 (7 views); M66834 (19 views); M63747 (9 views); M63852 (3 views); M63406 (14 views); M63826 (4 views); M63864 (5 views); M63824 (3 views); M65317 (10 views); M66294 (22 views); M67376 (24 views); M63837 (4 views); M66286 (14 views); M66889 (16 views); M65361 (13 views); M63176 (11 views); M63147 (29 views); M63604 (10 views); M63739 (10 views); M63744 (11 views); M63273 (7 views); M63694 (9 views); M63283 (7 views); M63199 (5 views); M63727 (5 views); M63847 (7 views); |
| Project overview | 6239 | |
| Matrix views | 3027 | Matrix landing page (2570 views); supermatrix (457 views); |
| Specimen list | 115315 | |
| Taxon list | 7574 | |
| Bibliography | 14552 | |
| Documents list | 2046 |
Project downloads
| type | number of downloads | Individual items downloaded (where applicable) |
| Total downloads from project | 494 | |
| Matrix downloads | 39 | supermatrix (39 downloads); |
| Document downloads | 13 | Table S1 (1 download); Table S2 (2 downloads); Table S3 (4 downloads); Table S4 (2 downloads); Table S5 (1 download); Table S6 (1 download); Copyright information for exemplar media (2 downloads); |
| Media downloads | 8 | M63827 (1 download); M63828 (1 download); M63829 (1 download); M63830 (1 download); M62597 (1 download); M62602 (1 download); M63200 (1 download); M63182 (1 download); |
| Project downloads | 434 |