Morphobank

Project 321: M. Spaulding, M. A. O'Leary, J. Gatesy. 2009. Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution. PLOS ONE. 4 (9):1-14.

Specimen: Hippopotamus amphibius (AMNH/Mammalogy:24284)

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Abstract

Abstract
Background: Integration of diverse data (molecules, fossils) provides the most robust test of the phylogeny of cetaceans. Positioning key fossils is critical for reconstructing the character change from life on land to life in the water.

Methodology/Principal Findings: We reexamine relationships of critical extinct taxa that impact our understanding of the origin of Cetacea. We do this in the context of the largest total evidence analysis of morphological and molecular information for Artiodactyla (661 phenotypic characters and 46,587 molecular characters, coded for 33 extant and 48 extinct taxa). We score morphological data for Carnivoramorpha, (Creodonta, Lipotyphla, and the (raoellid artiodactylan (Indohyus and concentrate on determining which fossils are positioned along stem lineages to major artiodactylan crown clades. Shortest trees place Cetacea within Artiodactyla and close to (Indohyus, with (Mesonychia outside of Artiodactyla. The relationships of (Mesonychia and (Indohyus are highly unstable, however - in trees only two steps longer than minimum length, (Mesonychia falls inside Artiodactyla and displaces (Indohyus from a position close to Cetacea. Trees based only on data that fossilize continue to show the classic arrangement of relationships within Artiodactyla with Cetacea grouping outside the clade, a signal incongruent with the molecular data that dominate the total evidence result.

Conclusions/Significance: Integration of new fossil material of (Indohyus impacts placement of another extinct clade (Mesonychia, pushing it much farther down the tree. The phylogenetic position of (Indohyus suggests that the cetacean stem lineage included herbivorous and carnivorous aquatic species. We also conclude that extinct members of Cetancodonta (whales + hippopotamids) shared a derived ability to hear underwater sounds, even though several
cetancodontans lack a pachyostotic auditory bulla. We revise the taxonomy of living and extinct artiodactylans and propose explicit node and stem-based definitions for the ingroup.

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Project DOI: 10.7934/P321, http://dx.doi.org/10.7934/P321

This project contains	Matrices
1 Media 1 Matrix 3 Documents 141 Taxa 1 Specimen 661 Characters Total size of project's media files: 878.45k Download Project SDD File	Total scored cells: 32817 Total media associated with cells: 0 Total labels associated with cell media: 0
	Characters
	Total characters: 661 Total characters with associated media: 0 Total characters with media with labels: 0 Total character states: 1443 Total character states with associated media: 0 Total character states with media with labels:0 Total unordered/ordered characters:661/0

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MorphoBank Project 321

Creation Date:
05 December 2009
Publication Date:
05 December 2009
Project views: 45627
Media downloads: 1
Matrix downloads: 101

This research
supported by

Authors' Institutions

University of California Riverside

American Museum of Natural History

Stony Brook University

Members

Maureen O'Leary
Project Administrator

141

661

32817
(32817, 0, 0)

MorphoBank Curator
Full membership

0
(0, 0, 0)

Michelle Spaulding
Full membership

0
(0, 0, 0)

Taxonomic Overview for Matrix 'M777' (81 Taxa)

taxon	unscored cells	scored cells	no cell support	NPA cells	"-" cells	cell images	labels on cell images	member access
[1] Orycteropus afer Last Modified in 12/05/13	169	493	492	0	0	0	0	3
[2] Bos taurus Last Modified in 12/05/13	59	604	602	0	0	0	0	3
[3] Ovis aries Last Modified in 12/05/13	72	591	589	0	0	0	0	3
[4] Odocoileus virginianus Last Modified in 12/05/13	83	578	578	0	0	0	0	3
[5] Cervus elaphus Last Modified in 12/05/13	90	571	571	0	0	0	0	3
[6] Giraffa camelopardalis Last Modified in 12/05/13	64	600	597	0	0	0	0	3
[7] Antilocapra americana Last Modified in 12/05/13	108	553	553	0	0	0	0	3
[8] Moschus moschiferus Last Modified in 12/05/13	116	548	545	0	0	0	0	3
[9] Tragulus Last Modified in 12/05/13	95	568	566	0	0	0	0	3
[10] Tursiops truncatus Last Modified in 12/05/13	289	372	372	0	0	0	0	3
[11] Monodon monoceros Last Modified in 12/05/13	321	341	340	0	0	0	0	3
[12] Inia geoffrensis Last Modified in 12/05/13	322	340	339	0	0	0	0	3
[13] Pontoporia blainvillei Last Modified in 12/05/13	351	311	310	0	0	0	0	3
[14] Kogia breviceps Last Modified in 12/05/13	326	335	335	0	0	0	0	3
[15] Ziphius cavirostris Last Modified in 12/05/13	305	358	356	0	0	0	0	3
[16] Balaenoptera acutorostrata Last Modified in 12/05/13	327	335	334	0	0	0	0	3
[17] Hippopotamus amphibius Last Modified in 12/05/13	82	582	579	0	0	0	0	3
[18] Choeropsis liberiensis Last Modified in 12/05/13	100	563	561	0	0	0	0	3
[19] Sus scrofa Last Modified in 12/05/13	85	579	576	0	0	0	0	3
[20] Babyrousa babyrussa Last Modified in 12/05/13	130	532	531	0	0	0	0	3
[21] Potamochoerus porcus Last Modified in 12/05/13	134	529	527	0	0	0	0	3
[22] † Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Last Modified in 05/02/19	143	522	518	0	0	0	0	3
[23] Tayassu tajacu Last Modified in 12/05/13	119	543	542	0	0	0	0	3
[24] Camelus dromedarius Last Modified in 12/05/13	89	573	572	0	0	0	0	3
[25] Lama glama Last Modified in 12/05/13	154	507	507	0	0	0	0	3
[26] Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Last Modified in 12/05/13	224	437	437	0	0	0	0	3
[27] Tapirus terrestris Last Modified in 12/05/13	123	539	538	0	0	0	0	3
[28] Equus caballus Last Modified in 12/05/13	66	595	595	0	0	0	0	3
[29] Ailurus fulgens Last Modified in 12/05/13	106	558	555	0	0	0	0	3
[30] Canis latrans Last Modified in 12/05/13	85	576	576	0	0	0	0	3
[31] Nandinia binotata Last Modified in 12/05/13	118	546	543	0	0	0	0	3
[32] Felis silvestris Last Modified in 12/05/13	159	502	502	0	0	0	0	3
[33] † Erinaceus europaeus Last Modified in 05/02/19	96	565	565	0	0	0	0	3
[34] † Hyopsodus Last Modified in 05/02/19	219	443	442	0	0	0	0	3
[35] † Hyracotherium Last Modified in 05/02/19	286	376	375	0	0	0	0	3
[36] † Artiocetus clavis Last Modified in 05/02/19	372	289	289	0	0	0	0	3
[37] † Rodhocetus balochistanensis Last Modified in 05/02/19	574	87	87	0	0	0	0	3
[38] † Dorudon atrox Last Modified in 05/02/19	240	421	421	0	0	0	0	3
[39] † Basilosaurus Last Modified in 05/02/19	294	367	367	0	0	0	0	3
[40] † Pachyaena ossifraga Last Modified in 05/02/19	413	248	248	0	0	0	0	3
[41] † Sinonyx jiashanensis Last Modified in 05/02/19	240	422	421	0	0	0	0	3
[42] † Mesonyx obtusidens Last Modified in 05/02/19	262	399	399	0	0	0	0	3
[43] † Dissacus praenuntius Last Modified in 05/02/19	376	285	285	0	0	0	0	3
[44] † Dissacus zanabazari Last Modified in 05/02/19	281	383	380	0	0	0	0	3
[45] † Harpagolestes orientalis Last Modified in 05/02/19	445	216	216	0	0	0	0	3
[46] † Harpagolestes uintensis Last Modified in 05/02/19	387	274	274	0	0	0	0	3
[47] † Hapalodectes hetangensis Last Modified in 05/02/19	372	289	289	0	0	0	0	3
[48] † Helohyus plicodon Last Modified in 05/02/19	456	208	205	0	0	0	0	3
[49] † Pakicetidae Last Modified in 05/02/19	324	339	337	0	0	0	0	3
[50] † Ambulocetus natans Last Modified in 05/02/19	535	126	126	0	0	0	0	3
[51] † Gobiohyus orientalis Last Modified in 05/02/19	387	274	274	0	0	0	0	3
[52] † Leptomeryx Last Modified in 05/02/19	152	511	509	0	0	0	0	3
[53] † Poebrotherium Last Modified in 05/02/19	135	526	526	0	0	0	0	3
[54] † Agriochoerus Last Modified in 05/02/19	148	517	513	0	0	0	0	3
[55] † Merycoidodon sp. Last Modified in 05/02/19	136	527	525	0	0	0	0	3
[56] † Diacodexis pakistanensis Last Modified in 05/02/19	246	415	415	0	0	0	0	3
[57] † Diacodexis northamerican Last Modified in 05/02/19	405	258	256	0	0	0	0	3
[58] † Perchoerus Last Modified in 05/02/19	240	424	421	0	0	0	0	3
[59] † Archaeotherium Last Modified in 05/02/19	143	520	518	0	0	0	0	3
[60] † Elomeryx Last Modified in 05/02/19	221	443	440	0	0	0	0	3
[61] † Microbunodon minimum Last Modified in 05/02/19	355	308	306	0	0	0	0	3
[62] † Merycopotamus dissimilis Last Modified in 05/02/19	375	287	286	0	0	0	0	3
[63] † Xenohyus venitor Last Modified in 05/02/19	545	116	116	0	0	0	0	3
[64] † Anthracokeryx ulnifer Last Modified in 05/02/19	374	287	287	0	0	0	0	3
[65] † Libycosaurus petrocchii Last Modified in 05/02/19	547	114	114	0	0	0	0	3
[66] † Bothriogenys Last Modified in 05/02/19	279	384	382	0	0	0	0	3
[67] † Siamotherium krabiense Last Modified in 05/02/19	561	100	100	0	0	0	0	3
[68] † Cainotherium Last Modified in 05/02/19	148	513	513	0	0	0	0	3
[69] † Phenacodus Last Modified in 05/02/19	247	417	414	0	0	0	0	3
[70] † Protungulatum Last Modified in 05/02/19	515	147	146	0	0	0	0	3
[71] † Brachyhyops wyomingensis Last Modified in 05/02/19	485	176	176	0	0	0	0	3
[72] † Achaenodon uintensis Last Modified in 05/02/19	359	302	302	0	0	0	0	3
[73] † Andrewsarchus mongoliensis Last Modified in 05/02/19	513	148	148	0	0	0	0	3
[74] † Eoconodon heilprinianus Last Modified in 05/02/19	401	260	260	0	0	0	0	3
[75] † Protoceras celer Last Modified in 05/02/19	257	405	404	0	0	0	0	3
[76] † Indohyus indirae Last Modified in 05/02/19	459	203	202	0	0	0	0	3
[77] † Vulpavus profectus Last Modified in 05/02/19	200	463	461	0	0	0	0	3
[78] † Thinocyon Last Modified in 05/02/19	223	438	438	0	0	0	0	3
[79] † Hyaenodon Last Modified in 05/02/19	162	500	499	0	0	0	0	3
[80] † Patriofelis Last Modified in 05/02/19	217	444	444	0	0	0	0	3
[81] † Proviverra Last Modified in 05/02/19	189	472	472	0	0	0	0	3

Project views

type	number of views	Individual items viewed (where applicable)
Total project views	45627
Project overview	4496
Matrix views	2613	Matrix landing page (2225 views); Morphology matrix (388 views);
Media views	5769	Media search (4936 views); M38695 (833 views);
Specimen list	3090
Documents list	1653
Taxon list	25782
Bibliography	2224

Project downloads

type	number of downloads	Individual items downloaded (where applicable)
Total downloads from project	766
Matrix downloads	101	Morphology matrix (101 downloads);
Document downloads	38	20 shortest trees of 57269 steps (11 downloads); All data - TNT formatted (19 downloads); All data with Genbank numbers (8 downloads);
Project downloads	626
Media downloads	1	M38695 (1 download);